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Description
Secure and resilient operation is a critical requirement for modular Power-to-Liquid e-fuel plants supplied by intermittent renewable energy. This paper investigates a modular e-fuel production architecture powered by a hybrid photovoltaic-wind-battery system and evaluates its response to short-duration renewable disturbances. A deterministic operational model is formulated for renewable generation, battery buffering, electrolyzer dispatch, hydrogen production, and aggregate fuel synthesis. To improve engineering realism, the framework incorporates electrolyzer ramp-rate constraints and a degradation-aware operating index. The optimization objective is to sustain fuel continuity while limiting curtailment, electrolyzer power variance, and dynamic stress. Beyond the main stressed-case comparison, the study includes sensitivity analysis of the PV/Wind ratio and storage capacity, together with Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis under stochastic renewable fluctuations. Relative to the no-buffer baseline, the optimized dispatch increases daily fuel output by 11.6%, reduces electrolyzer power variance by 66.3%, and improves the disturbance-window resilience score by 36.2%. The results show that secure operation of modular PtL plants emerges from coordinated design of renewable mix, storage, and supervisory control rather than from renewable-following logic alone.